掌握句子的基本句型有助于了解句子的基本结构,便于进行句子分析,尤其是那些比较复杂的长难句。
一、主+系+表(SVP)
此句型结构中谓语动词是系动词,后接表语,构成系表结构,常见系动词有be,become, look,seem,appear,get,feel,grow,turn,remain,come(变得),fall(变成),hold,keep, stand,stay(保持),smell,sound,taste等。
例句: It was no coincidence that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery. (2001年第12题)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that his car was seen...。
译文: 劫案发生时有人看见他的车停在银行附近,这绝非巧合。
例句: This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. (2011年第48题)
分析: 该句是简单句,主干部分是This seems a justification and a rationalization;其中介词短语for neglect of those in need作后置定语,修饰第一个表语a justification,另外两个介词短语of exploitation和of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom均作后置定语,修饰第二个表语a rationalization。those in need意为“贫困者”;those at the top意为“社会上层人士”;those at the bottom意为“社会底层人士”。
译文: 这一观点似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护,为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越和底层人群的卑微找理由。
二、主+谓(不及物动词)(SV)
例句: From a financial standpoint alone,safety pays off. (选自1999年Cloze Test)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 仅从财政的角度看,安全就大有裨益。
例句: His efforts to bring about reconciliation between the two parties came off. (2000年第24题)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 他为促成双方和解而付出的努力取得了成功。
三、主+谓(及物动词)+宾(SVO)
例句: Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will drag down the economy. (1997年第25题)
分析: 该句是复合句,how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system...在句中作knows的宾语。
译文: 无人知晓这次金融体系的动荡会在多长时向内、多大程度上使经济下滑。
例句: Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power. (选自2006年Text 1)
分析: 该句是由yet连接的两个并列复合句,在前一句中,介词短语in remote villages around the world作定语修饰children;在后一分句中,分词短语living within the United States作后置定语修饰immigrant。
译文: 罗德里格兹指出,全世界偏远地区的儿童都是像阿诺·施瓦辛格和格斯·布鲁克斯这样超级明星的“粉丝”。然而,也有一些美国人担心生活在美国的移民在某种程度会对美国的民族同化作用有免疫力。
四、主+谓(及物动词)+间接宾语(指人)+直接宾语(指物)(SVOO)
例句: Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts.
分析: 该句是复合句,动词show后接双宾语,直接宾语常为疑问副词或疑问代词引导的宾语从句或不定式,本句中主语从句what you have observed作宾语从句中的主语。
译文: 李教授的书会告诉你,你所观察到的信息如何运用在其他语境中。
例句: Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (1999年第11题)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中had you gone and explained...是省略if的倒装句,完整形式应为if you had gone and explained...。
译文: 如果你跟数学老师解释那个时候你父母病了,他也许会让你补考的。
五、主+谓(及物动词)+宾+补足语(SVOC)
宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语充当。
例句: I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2006年第46题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为I shall define him as an individual;who引导的定语从句修饰an individual; as his primary duty and pleasure in life在定语从句中充当状语,应该置于句末,但由于定语从句中elected的宾语为the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems太长,置于句末显得更加美观。
译文: 我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考,并将此作为人生首要责任和乐趣的人。
例句: Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. (选自2005年Text 1)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 这样的特质使得他们成为布鲁斯南和德瓦尔博士的最佳研究候选人。
另外: there be句型中,there为引导词,be为谓语,be后面为主语,所以there be句型属于“主+谓”这一句子类型。
例句: There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为there was a very interesting remark in a book,介词短语by an Englishman和定语从句that I read recently都修饰a book,分词结构giving...在句中作伴随状语,what he thought was a reason for...作giving的宾语,what he thought又作这个宾语从句的主语。
译文: 我最近读了一本由英国人写的书,他在书中做了一个有趣的论断,阐述了对这种美国特色形成原因的看法。
例句: There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. (选自2006年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句,which引导的定语从句修饰the Royal Shakespeare Company。
译文: 皇家莎士比亚公司专门在埃文河畔的莎士比亚纪念戏院上演莎士比亚的经典剧目。 |