五、考研常见介词辨析
(一)as,like
作介词时as强调同类或完全相似,另有“作为,按照”之意,like强调比较,表示“像……一样”。
例句: In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. (选自2009年Part B)
分析: 该句是简单句,其中known as historical particularism是分词作后置定语,相当于 which was known as...。
译文: 20世纪早期,在北美,德裔美国人类学家弗朗茨·博厄斯阐述了一种新的文化理论,被称作“历史特殊论”。
例句: Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. (选自2009年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,句子主干是there were political leaders like John Winthrop,besides the ninety...after 1629作状语,表示伴随情况,who came to...1629是修饰ministers的定语从句,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown是John Winthrop的同位语,before引导一个时间状语从句。
译文: 除了在1629年之后的十年中来到马萨诸塞教堂的90余位很有学问的牧师之外,还有像约翰·温斯罗普这样的政治领袖。在来到波士顿之前,他是一名受过教育的绅士、律师,他还是英国皇室的官员。
例句: A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock.
分析: 该句是简单句,其中its tail swinging是一独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随。
译文: 一条大鱼在水中缓缓游动,尾巴像钟摆一样来回晃动。
例句: Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003年第65题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept。定语从句which makes possible...understanding修饰an abstract concept。
译文: 因此,人类学关于“文化”的概念就像数学中“集合”的概念一样,是一个使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能的抽象概念。
(二)despite,in spite of
两者意义相似,可互换使用,表示“尽管”,但despite后不能接of。
例句: Despite/In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.
分析: 该句是简单句。despite/in spite of...在句中作状语表示让步;written or adapted...purposes 作material的后置定语。
译文: 尽管有各种专门为语言学习撰写或改编的阅读材料,但在阅读技巧方面还没有系统的综合课程。
例句: Despite/In spite of much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年第16题)
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that are not fully understood修饰elements;介词短语in the life cycle of the insect在句中作状语。
译文: 尽管做了大量研究,但昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些元素未被人们完全理解。
(三)except,except for
两者都表示“除外”。如果排除之物与所述之物属于同类时,两者可通用,但如果排除之物与所述之物不属于同类时,则只能用except for。
例句: Hudson said he would not kill a living thing except for the motive of hunger. (1997年第37题)
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 哈德逊说除非是饿极了,否则他不会杀生。
例句: He saw little evidence of a strategy, except for willingness to listen to protectionist appeals from the automobile.
分析: 该句是简单句,介词短语from the automobile在句中作定语修饰appeals。
译文: 他认为一项策略只有愿意倾听来自汽车行业的贸易保护主义者的申诉才能有证据支持。
(四)due to, owing to, because of
它们都表示“由于……”之意。due to+名词构成的介词短语可作表语、定语或状语;owing to+名词构成的介词短语只作表语或状语,如果作状语放在句首时,一般只用owing to引出的介词短语;because of+名词构成的介词短语通常用作状语,但当主语不是一个名词而是一个事实时,because of短语也可以用作表语。
例句: During an earthquake, the great part of damage and loss of life has been due to/ owing to collapse of buildings and effect of rockslides, floods, diseases, and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.
分析: 该句是简单句。rather than后省略了resulting;而resulting from earthquakes作other phenomena的后置定语。
译文: 在地震中,大量的损失和人员伤亡都是由于地震引发的房屋倒塌、滑坡、洪水、疾病和其他一些现象造成的,而不是地震本身所造成的。
例句: When the work is done, a climate of accidentfree operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (选自1999年Cloze Test)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum为定语从句修饰a climate,过去分词lost作time的后置定语。
译文: 当上述工作圆满完成时,一个无事故的运作环境便建立起来了。在这里,因人员伤害而损失的时间被控制到最低水平。
例句: Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium;it is company. (2001年第20题)
分析: 该句是并列句,分号相当于转折连词but。
译文: 因为与人们的生活关系密切,收音机通常不仅仅是一种传媒工具,还是一个伙伴。
(五)by,till,until
三者都表示时间范围。by表示到某时,某事或动作已完成,常与完成时态连用;till表示动作或状态持续到某时,口语中常用,通常不用于句首;until与till是同义词,语气庄重,多用于句首表示强调。until与till用作介词时后接表示时间的名词,不能接表示地点的名词。
例句: The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year. (1997年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。the larger of which...是一非限制性定语从句,修饰two trust funds。
译文: 社会退休保障计划由两笔信托基金组成,其中较大的一笔到明年可能会分文不剩。
例句: The school authorities did not announce the decision till yesterday afternoon.(或Until yesterday afternoon, the school authorities did not announce the decision. )
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 校方直到昨天下午才公布了该决定。
(六)of,about, on
三者都可译为“关于”,但在用法上有区别。of 一般只表示“提及”某人、某事,不涉及详情;about表示“论及”某人、某事,涉及详情;on表示“论及”详情,比about所涉及的事情更为详细,多用于较正式的文件,尤其在演说或学术论文中。
例句: The logic of scientific development is such that separate groups of men working on the same problem in farscattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time. (1998年第16题)
分析: 该句是复合句。that...at the same time是结果状语从句;working on the same problem in farscattered laboratories作men的后置定语。
译文: 科学的发展如此富有逻辑性,以至于人们在极为分散的实验室里研究同一课题,却有可能在同一时间得出相同的答案。
例句: On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007年第47题)
分析: 该句是复合句,主句为it links these concepts to everyday realities。which后的定语从句修饰a manner,as后的状语从句表示时间。
译文: 另一方面,这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中,这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。
例句: Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (选自2005年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主句为voices now come from many quarters。现在分词insisting作主语voices的补足语,后接两个宾语从句;until后是一时间状语从句。
译文: 和吸烟的问题一样,四面八方传来的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学说法不全面,在不确定之前,向大气中排放废气没什么大不了的。
(七)in,with,of
在描述人时:in表示衣着;with表示携带某物或生理特征或某种品质;of表示性格特征或年龄。如:be in green/a man of wisdom(a lady of virtue) /a girl of 18/a child with a big head。
例句: The mayor is a woman with great integrity and therefore deserves our political and financial support. (2000年第35题)
分析: 该句是简单句,is和deserves是两个并列谓语动词;介词短语with great integrity修饰a woman。
译文: 这位市长是个非常正直的女性,因而值得我们在政治上和经济上给予帮助。
注意: with和of表示属性、特征时,of后通常接抽象名词;with后常接具体名词。
六、小品词短语
当一个介词后无宾语时,它的词性就转化成副词,称为小品词(particle)。试比较:
We live in the same building.
Come in,please!
The soldiers sat around the table.
He looked around, but to his surprise, he saw his father coming to this way.
例句: Yet much had happened between. (选自2002年Use of English)
分析: 该句是简单句。between为小品词,意为“(……时间)之间”。
译文: 在此(段时间)之间发生了很多事。
例句: As Ill be away for at least a year, Id appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. (2000年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。主句中谓语动词appreciate后接动名词hearing和telling作其宾语,介词along后无宾语,所以称为小品词。从句how everyone is getting along作tell 的间接宾语。
译文: 由于我至少有一年的时间不在这里,如果你能时常来信告诉我每个人的生活情况,我将不胜感激。 |