三、不定式的逻辑主语
不定式的逻辑主语表明不定式或不定式短语的动作发出者,以下三种情况是不定式的逻辑主语。
(一)句子主语
例句 : There may be more matches in the database;job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. (选自2004年Text 1)
分析: 该句是三个并列句。第三个分句表示强调,完整形式应是they do visit the site again。
译文: 数据库可能还有更多匹配的职位,求职者将不得不再次访问网站——他们也确实这样做。
(二)句子宾语
例句: From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
(选自2004年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句。says Hofstadter作插入语,that smells of elitism是修饰anything的定语从句。
译文: 霍夫斯坦特说,自美国历史之初,(美国的)民主化和大众化冲动就驱使着(美国人)排斥一切精英文化的东西。
(三)由for+名词(或代词宾格)引出
例句: If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. (选自2002年Text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句。主句为and连接的两个并列句you will be in...all of you和itll be appropriate...in ties,第一个定语从句which you are addressing修饰group,另一个定语从句which are common to all of you修饰experiences and problems。
译文: 如果你是你的听众群体中的一员,你就会了解你们所有人的共同经历和问题,你就可以随心所欲地评论食堂的饭菜难吃,或是评论领导选领带的品位极差。
四、不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式常在不定式前加否定词not。
例句: But big dams tend not to work as intended. (选自1998年Text 1)
分析: 该句是简单句。as intended在句中作状语,其完整形式为as they are intended,they 指代dams。
译文: 但是,巨型水坝往往不像设计的那样发挥功效。
例句: They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.
(选自2007年Part B)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 他们必须避免表现出对自己的孩子感到失望。
五、接不定式作宾语的动词
afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, claim, choose, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, guarantee, pretend, happen, hope, learn, mean, intend, manage, offer, plan, prepare, want, refuse, promise, resolve, seek, strive, swear, threaten, undertake, volunteer, help, wish, fail等。
例句: Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. (选自2006年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night修饰a shelter。主句中包含spend...(in) doing句型。
译文: 即使无家可归人员能设法找到一个临时的避身之处,一日三餐齐全,晚上有睡觉之地,但仍有很多人每天大部分时间流落街头。
例句: Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.
分析: 该句是并列句。从句并列六个谓语动词,主句并列四个宾语。
译文: 智力力图理解、把握、排序和调节,而学识力求审视、沉思、探究、理论、批评和想象。
六、既可接动名词又可接不定式的动词
begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, learn, like, dislike, omit, prefer, regret, remember, need, neglect, start, try, go on, chance, stop, mean等。
以上动词接不定式或接动名词在意义上的差别可以根据其在句中的含义进行辨析,这里不再做解释。但如果上述动词前有should一词时,其后只能接不定式,而不能接动名词。
例句: This may also explain why they are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply don’t need to be. (选自2005年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句。why they are not usually sensitive to our own smells作explain的宾语,破折号后内容对其前内容做进一步解释。
译文: 这也许能解释为什么我们往往对我们自身的气味不敏感,因为没有必要。
例句: But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs helping.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 但是,斯洛伐克正在努力争取从捷克独立出去,它现在正需要帮助。
例句: In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kittenkilling ? (选自2011年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句。其中,that so persistently celebrates procreation是一个定语从句,修饰society;it是形式主语,真正的主语是admitting...is equivalent to admitting...kittenkilling,having children作regret的宾语,同时you support kittenkilling也是admitting的宾语。
译文: 在一个如此执著颂扬生育的社会,“承认对生儿育女感到后悔”就等同于“承认赞同残杀小猫”,这又有什么奇怪的呢?
七、let,blame等动词不定式
动词let(出租),blame(责备),seek(寻找,追求)以不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
例句: I thought the technician was to blame for the blowing of the fuse, but I see now that I was mistaken. (1997年第17题)
分析: 该句是由but连接的并列复合句。
译文: 我原以为保险丝熔断的责任应该归咎于那个技术员,但现在我明白我弄错了。
例句: The house which is to let for$200 a month has been reserved by a foreigner.
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句which is to let for$200 a month修饰the house。
译文: 租金每月200美元的那间房屋已经被一个外国人预订了。
例句: The designers attempted to put forward the best plan, but it is difficult to seek.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 策划者试图得出最好的规划,但这太难了。 |