26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.

[A] autonomy

[B] dignity

[C] monopoly

[D] stability

27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.

[A] precisely

[B] instantly

[C] initially

[D] exclusively

28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________, particularly in Western Europe.

[A] obscure

[B] obsolete

[C] optional

[D] overlapping

29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving.

[A] spontaneous

[B] hypothetical

[C] intuitive

[D] empirical

30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.

[A] at odds

[B] in trouble

[C] in vain

[D] at stake

Section II Cloze Test

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases31the trial of Rosemary West.

In a significant32of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a33bill that will propose making payments to witnesses34and will strictly control the amount of35that can be given to a case36a trial begins.

In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he37with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not38sufficient control.

大39of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40of media protest when he said the41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges42to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which43the European Convention on Human Rights legally44in Britain, laid down that everybody was45to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.

“Press freedoms will be in safe hands46our British judges,” he said.

Witness payments became an47after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were48to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised49witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to50guilty verdicts.

31. [A] as to

[B] for instance

[C] in particular

[D] such as

32. [A] tightening

[B] intensifying

[C] focusing

[D] fastening

33. [A] sketch

[B] rough

[C] preliminary

[D] draft

34. [A] illogical

[B] illegal

[C] improbable

[D] improper

35. [A] publicity

[B] penalty

[C] popularity

[D] peculiarity

36. [A] since

[B] if

[C] before

[D] as

37. [A] sided

[B] shared

[C] complied

[D] agreed

38. [A] present

[B] offer

[C] manifest

[D] indicate

39. [A] Release

[B] Publication

[C] Printing

[D] Exposure

40. [A] storm

[B] rage

[C] flare

[D] flash

41. [A] translation

[B] interpretation

[C] exhibition

[D] demonstration

42. [A] better than

[B] other than

[C] rather than

[D] sooner than

43. [A] changes

[B] makes

[C] sets

[D] turns

44. [A] binding

[B] convincing

[C] restraining

[D] sustaining

45. [A] authorized

[B] credited

[C] entitled

[D] qualified

46. [A] with

[B] to

[C] from

[D] by

47. [A] impact

[B] incident

[C] inference

[D] issue

48. [A] stated

[B] remarked

[C] said

[D] told

49. [A] what

[B] when

[C] which

[D] that

50. [A] assure

[B] confide

[C] ensure

[D] guarantee

Section III Reading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Text 1

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.

[A] sociology and chemistry

[B] physics and psychology

[C] sociology and psychology

[D] physics and chemistry

52. We can infer from the passage that ________.

[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.

[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation

[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.

[A] the development in communication

[B] the growth of professionalisation

[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge

[D] the splitting up of academic societies

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