三、副词的特殊情况
1. 英语中有些副词有两种形式: 一种与形容词形式相同,一种形式是以ly结尾,但其意义和用法有所不同,如:
clean完全地 cleanly干净地
close接近地 closely紧密地(表抽象概念)
free免费地,随意地 freely率直地
hard努力 hardly几乎不
high高 highly高度地,非常
late迟,晚 lately近来
pretty相当,颇 prettily漂亮地
fair公平 fairly公正地;相当
most最,颇 mostly主要地,多半地
just刚才,正好 justly公正地
direct直接地 directly直接地,坦率,马上
例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (选自2002年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty是定语从句,修饰work。
译文: 自从人类具有了独创性以来,人们发明了越来越精巧的工具来应付那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者仅仅是令人讨厌的工作。
例句: The American dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. (1999年第25题)
分析: 该句是简单句,generated by American capitalism为过去分词作后置定语,修饰the periods。
译文: 在美国的资本主义带来生产率的提高与财富增加的那段时期,美国梦是最有可能实现的。
例句: “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. (选自2008年Text 3)
分析: 引号内的句子是简单句,主句部分是weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,介词短语in the general population today和at this genetic...在句中作状语。
译文: 怀特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出: “在今天的一般人群中,在这种基因和环境水平上,我们已经达到了我们所能达到的高度。”
2.以ly结尾的词大部分是副词,但以下由名词+ly构成的词却是形容词,如:
brotherly scholarly(学者风度的) heavenly(天堂的)
homely friendly masterly(高明的)
likely lovelycostly
childly quarterly(按季度的)manly
leisurely(从容不迫的,悠闲的)
例句: Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (选自2001年Text 3)
分析:该句是复合句,其中分词短语compared with other Americans作状语表示比较,谓语动词show后有由and连接的两个并列宾语从句。
译文:结果表明,与其他美国人相比,记者更有可能居住在质优价高的地段,有仆人、奔驰车及股票。他们不大可能去做礼拜、当志愿者或在普通社区居住。
四、副词的比较级与最高级
副词的比较级与最高级的变化规则和用法与形容词的变化相同,但在副词的最高级前可省掉定冠词the。
例句: Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.(选自2011年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是Those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those...,其中did代替了与主句相同的谓语部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons,正常语序为...than those...did。另外,分词短语forced to exercise their smiling muscles作后置定语,修饰主语those;whose mouths were contracted in a frown是一个定语从句,修饰句中的第二个those;suggesting that...是分词短语作状语,表示结果,相当于which引导的一个非限制性定语从句。
译文:那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴形收缩得犹如紧皱的眉毛般的人对滑稽的卡通动画的反应更为强烈,这表明表情也可以影响情绪而非只能是情绪影响表情。
例句:The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. (选自2011年Text 2)
分析:该句是复合句,主句的主干部分是The people are those,两个定语从句whove been hurt the worst 和whove stayed too long分别修饰先行词the people和those。
译文:受伤害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。
例句:Among other students in his class, he studies (the) hardest.
译文:他在班上学习最刻苦。
五、易混淆的副词和形容词
(一)such,so
such是形容词,如such+a(an)+单数可数名词,或such+不可数名词或可数名词的复数;so是副词,如so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词。
注意:在so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词这一结构中名词不可改为复数形式。
如so beautiful girls就是错误形式,应改为: such beautiful girls。
另外such,so都可接that从句,形式为such...that/so...that,称之为结果状语从句。
例句:Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. (选自2008年Text 4)
分析:该句是简单句,主干部分是such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia, would have required表示与过去事实相反的推测,only a decade earlier在句中作状语,表示时间。
译文:要是再早上10年,这种举动必须获得弗吉尼亚州立法委的批准。
例句:The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapair of fabricating their data. (2004年第43题)
分析:该句是复合句,that引导一结果状语从句,短语accuse sb. of sth.意为“指责、指控某人某事”。
译文:这些新近被描述的语言与已经被充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapair编造了材料。
例句:Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (选自2007年Text 2)
分析:该句是简单句,其中形容词短语necessary to succeed in school and in life作定语修饰elements。
译文:这些标准化测试并不能测出在学校和生活中取得成功所必需的重要因素。
例句:The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments. (1996年第26题)
分析:该句是复合句。
译文:讨论是那样的冗长而乏味,以至于发言的人不时地停下来喝点饮料。
(二)very,much
very修饰形容词原级和副词;much(或very much)修饰动词、形容词或副词的比较级和最高级。
例句:Ted had told me that he always escaped being fined as he had got a very fast sport car.
分析:该句是复合句,其中being fined是动名词一般式的被动式,在句中作谓语动词escape的宾语。
译文:泰德告诉我,因为他有一辆速度很快的赛车,所以总是能逃脱罚款。
例句:Mercurys velocity is so much greater than the Earths that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one. (1996年第20题)
分析:该句是复合句,so...that是一个表结果的句子结构,time后是一个省略了关系词which(或that)的定语从句。
译文:水星的周转速度要比地球快得多,以至于在地球绕太阳转一圈的时间内,水星能绕太阳转四圈多。
(三)too much,much too(far too)
too much+不可数名词; much too/far too+形容词或副词原级。
例句:The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. (选自2006年Text 4)
分析:冒号后内容是对其前内容的进一步解释。
译文:事实上,真正的原因可能恰恰相反。今天的世界有太多太多的快乐了。
例句:I dont like eating chocolate. The taste is much too sweet.
译文:我不喜欢吃巧克力,味道太甜了。
(四)also, too, either
also, too用于肯定句,also多用于正式场合,too多为习惯用法,而either用于否定句。
例句:I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be bound to it.
分析:该句是由but引导的并列句,其中短语be bound to sth.意为“必定,作保证”。
译文:我支持你的决定,但也应该说清楚,我并不打算非得按照你的决定做。
例句:Careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener, too.
分析:该句是简单句。
译文:用词粗心大意往往也会阻碍说话人和听话人的思想交流。
例句:Mary is not a Christian;John is not a Christian, either.
译文:玛丽不是基督徒,约翰也不是。
例句:But the 47yearold manicurist isnt cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. (选自2004年Text 3)
分析:该句是复合句,其中在not...as...as结构中,第一个as是副词修饰many,而第二个as是连词引导状语从句,表方式。
译文:但对这位47岁的美甲师来说,现在到她这儿来修剪、锉磨或上油的人却不如她希望的那么多。 |